Search results (391 results)

Apr 18 2025 by DR Rohit Gupta

The **myelinated nerve fibers of the optic disc** (also known as **medullated nerve fibers**) are retinal nerve fibers that retain their myelin sheath as they pass through the optic nerve head. Normally, retinal nerve fibers are unmyelinated to allow for light transparency, but in some cases, myelination extends anteriorly into the retina, appearing as a striking white, feathery patch on the optic disc or peripapillary retina. ### **Key Features:** 1. **Appearance:** - Dense, white, striated patches with feathery edges. - Typically located at the superior or inferior pole of the optic disc. - May obscure retinal vessels underneath. 2. **Clinical Significance:** - Usually **benign** and asymptomatic. - **Congenital** (present at birth or early childhood). - Rarely associated with **visual field defects** (e.g., scotomas corresponding to the area of myelination). - Occasionally linked with **high myopia** or **amblyopia** if extensive. 3. **Pathophysiology:** - Failure of oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells to stop myelination at the lamina cribrosa. - Normally, myelination stops at the optic nerve head, but in this condition, it extends into the retina. 4. **Diagnosis:** - **Fundoscopy:** Classic white, feathery appearance. - **Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT):** Shows thickened retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). - **Visual Field Testing:** May detect defects if large. 5. **Differential Diagnosis:** - Optic disc edema - Cotton wool spots - Retinoblastoma (rarely, but must be ruled out in children) 6. **Management:** - No treatment required if asymptomatic. - Monitor for amblyopia in children. - Rare cases with significant visual impairment may need further evaluation. ### **Fun Fact:** Myelinated nerve fibers are seen in **~0.5-1%** of the population and are usually an incidental finding.

Photographer: Dr Rohit gupta

Imaging device: Samsung S21

Condition/keywords: Medulated Nerve fibre, Medullated Nerve fibres, myelinated nerve fibers, Myelinated Nerve Fibres, optic disc drusen

Apr 17 2025 by Malvika Singh

OCT of a 41 year-old, male, with a central retinal vein occlusion and a foveal sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage.

Photographer: Dr Malvika Singh, Retina Foundation, Ahmedabad, India

Imaging device: Mirante SLO/OCT

Condition/keywords: optical coherence tomography (OCT), SUB ILM hemorrhage

Mar 25 2025 by Robert Andrew Sisk, MD, FACS, FASRS

Color still from surgical video of subretinal delivery of laru-zova for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Live optical coherence tomography (OCT) with foveal tracking via the embedded software in the operating microscope allows monitoring foveal integrity for signs of stress. The contour of the fovea does not exceed the curvature of the bleb (e.g. no inversion). The tangential cannula angle facilitated steering of the bleb posteriorly. The bleb covers essentially the entire macula, which is the target area.

Imaging device: Zeiss Artevo 800

Condition/keywords: gene therapy, genetic disorder, optical coherence tomography (OCT), retinitis pigmentosa, subretinal injection

Feb 23 2025 by Irini Chatziralli, MD,MSc,PhD,FEBO

Fundus photograph, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography of a 60-year-old woman with long-standing central retinal vein occlusion and macular edema, after more than 20 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections.

Photographer: Irini Chatziralli, University of Athens, Greece

Imaging device: Heidelberg Spectralis Fluorescein Angiography and Optical coherence tomography

Condition/keywords: Retinal Vein Occlusion

Nov 9 2024 by Anand Temkar

Left Eye Optical Coherence Tomography of a 48 years old male patient showing Optic Disc Pit.

Photographer: Dr.Anand Temkar- Retina Foundation, Ahmedabad

Imaging device: Mirante

Condition/keywords: optic disc pit, Optic pit

Oct 28 2024 by Andrew Jin, MD

OCT of a 30 year old man with resolving valsalva retinopathy 2 months after presentation.

Condition/keywords: OCT, valsalva retinopathy

Oct 28 2024 by Andrew Jin, MD

OCT of a 30 year old man who presented with valsalva retinopathy

Condition/keywords: OCT, valsalva retinopathy

Sep 8 2024 by Maria Antonia Orrego

We present the case of a 33 year-old woman with visual loss of her left eye since childhood. Fundus examination revealed a retinal arteriovenous malformation with vessels originating from the optic nerve and extending to the fovea and equator, corresponding to a type 3 retinal racemose hemangioma (A). Infrared reflectance imaging confirmed findings described in funduscopy (B). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography shows dilated vessels in the internal and external retinal layers and adjacent intraretinal fluid (C).

Photographer: Dr. Maria Antonia Orrego V, Universidad CES, Clinica Clofán, Medellín, Colombia

Imaging device: Optovue Solix

Condition/keywords: arteriovenous malformation, multimodal imaging, racemose hemangioma, retinal arteriovenous malformations

Jul 17 2024 by Anubhav Chauhan

This is fundus photograph of a 30 year male depicting a Macular coloboma in the right eye. The patient had a sharply defined large, yellowish white, coarsely pigmented, atrophic, round crater like defect at the macula. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography confirmed our diagnosis. The serology testing such as serum IgM, IgG for toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus was negative. His systemic examination was normal.

Photographer: Dr Anubhav Chauhan, Department of Ophthalmology, Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Government Medical College, Nerchowk, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Imaging device: Zeiss

Condition/keywords: macula, rare

Jun 25 2024 by Tejaswita Verma

OCT image of a 62 year old female with 6/12 vision in both eyes showing sub retinal fluid with RPE granularity s/o Adult vitelliform macular dystrophy.

Photographer: DR. TEJASWITA VERMA

Imaging device: MIRANTE

Condition/keywords: adult vitelliform dystrophy, optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Mar 29 2024 by Lucy V Cobbs, M.D.

Optical coherence tomography angiography allows for 3-dimensional vessel imaging and may help detect abnormal vessels earlier than fluorescein angiography, which was historically used in diagnosis of MacTel type 2. This OCTA of the left eye of a 52-year-old male captures superficial telangiectatic macular vessels (top left) and follows them as they dive into deeper capillary layers (top right). The structural image of this OCTA (bottom right) shows the classic “right angles” of these abnormal vessels as they plunge. The outer retinal slab image (bottom left) shows a choroidal neovascular membrane, which is a rare complication of MacTel type 2.

Condition/keywords: Mac Tel type 2

Mar 29 2024 by Lucy V Cobbs, M.D.

Optical coherence tomography demonstrates a cavitation involving the inner retina with a thin ILM drape over the region of tissue loss. In addition, there is underlying focal disruption of the ellipsoid zone. These hyporreflective cavitations do not correlate with leakage on fluorescein angiography and are distinct from cysts in that they are not thought to be fluid filled.

Condition/keywords: Mac Tel type 2

Feb 22 2024 by Nikhil K Bommakanti, MD

Microaneurysm with associated intraretinal fluid on optical coherence tomography in mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Condition/keywords: microaneurysm, retinal microaneurysms

Feb 21 2024 by Nikhil K Bommakanti, MD

A monocular man in his sixties presented with blurred vision in the right eye for two months. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated vitreous cells and characteristic inflammatory deposits of the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium, and laboratory testing confirmed the diagnosis of syphilis. He was admitted for intravenous penicillin and consultation with a specialist in infectious diseases.

Condition/keywords: syphilis

Feb 6 2024 by KRISHNENDU NANDI, MS

A 38-year-old male presented with gradual dimness of vision in both eyes for last 3 months. Best corrected visual acuity was 6/24, N8 in both eyes. Colour fundus photograph showed multiple orangish yellow sub retinal lesions on the posterior pole extending beyond arcades. Macular thickening also noted. OCT line scan through the fovea showed thickened ellipsoid zone and it was separated from the RPE by optically clear space.

Photographer: Dr. Krishnendu Nandi

Condition/keywords: Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD), Multifocal

Jan 22 2024 by Kali Jend

Optical coherence tomography of a 73-year-old female with Bullseye Macular Changes affecting her left eye. Patient reports having a family history of this condition and denies prior Plaquenil or Elmiron use. Compared to previous imaging, the patient's condition progressed in the left eye from 2020 to 2023. Patient has a history of fluctuating Diabetic Macular Edema and a current Epiretinal Membrane as well. Patient's vision was Ncc20/60 at the time the image was taken.

Photographer: Kali Jend

Imaging device: Heidelberg Spectralis

Condition/keywords: bullseye maculopathy, epiretinal membrane (ERM), heidelberg spectralis, left eye, macular pucker, OCT, optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Jan 2 2024 by Tahsin Khundkar, MD

En Face optical coherence tomography (OCT).- angiography shows a large choroidal neovascular membrane in the outer retina to choriocapillaris slab.

Photographer: Jeffrey Zeigler, Concord Eye Center

Imaging device: Zeiss

Condition/keywords: neovascular membrane, wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD)

Nov 5 2023 by rahul saradge

image through the principle axis with visibility of all structure in pathway .

Photographer: Optom Rahul , Isha Netralaya

Condition/keywords: optical, Optos, posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL)

Oct 25 2023 by Jessica Hampton, BS

Optical-coherence tomography image of a 67-year old woman with a recurrent, chronic full-thickness macular hole in the left eye repaired with an amniotic membrane graft, seen at 2 years follow up.

Photographer: Dr. Diana Do, Stanford Medicine, Byers Eye Institute

Condition/keywords: amniotic membrane graft, full thickness macular hole

Oct 25 2023 by Jessica Hampton, BS

Optical-coherence tomography image of a 65-year old woman with a chronic full-thickness macular hole in the left eye, recurred following three attempts at repair with pars plana vitrectomy, membrane peel, and gas tamponade.

Photographer: Dr. Diana Do, Stanford Medicine, Byers Eye Institute

Condition/keywords: full thickness macular hole, optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Sep 13 2023 by Deepak Bhojwani, MS

Fundus image of a 16 year old boy diaagnosed with Childhood Acquired Ocular Toxoplasmosis since the age of 10 years showing the classic toxo chorioretinitis scar on the posterior pole complicated by Choroidal neovascularisation over the macula. OCT documenting complete foveal atrophy.

Photographer: DR DEEPAK BHOJWANI

Imaging device: OPTICAL COHEERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

Condition/keywords: choroidal neovascularization (CNV), toxo chorioretinitis

Sep 6 2023 by Maria Filipa Madeira

Macular near-infrared reflectance (NIR) imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT) B-scan and OCT angiography (OCTA) of a 54-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis type 1. Choroidal abnormalities were asymptomatic and not visible on funduscopic exam, but had a striking appearance on retinal imaging. B-scan (horizontal arrow) showed hyperreflective nodules in the deeper choroid (vertical arrows) underlying the multiple hyperreflective patches on NIR, in correlation with hyperflow areas of the deep choroidal plexus in OCTA.

Photographer: Maria Filipa Madeira, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz

Imaging device: Heidelberg Spectralis

Condition/keywords: choroid, neurofibromatosis

Aug 3 2023 by KRISHNENDU NANDI, MS

A 38-year-old male presented with gradual dimness of vision in both eyes for last 3 months. Best corrected visual acuity was 6/24, N8 in both eyes. Colour fundus photograph showed multiple orangish yellow sub retinal lesions on the posterior pole extending beyond arcades. Macular thickening also noted. Fundus auto-fluorescence showed multiple white hyper auto-fluorescence suggestive of RPE dysfunction. OCT line scan through the fovea showed thickened ellipsoid zone and it was separated from the RPE by optically clear space

Photographer: Krishnendu Nandi

Condition/keywords: Best Disease, Multifocal, Young Male

Aug 1 2023 by Aditya S Kelkar, MS, FRCS, FASRS,FRCOphth

Optical Coherence Tomography of an 21 year old male with a Optic Disc Pit.

Photographer: Dr. Ajinkya Rawale. National institute of Ophthalmology, Pune, India.

Imaging device: Zeiss Plex

Condition/keywords: congenital optic nerve pit

May 25 2023 by Annaka Gooding

Optical Coherence Tomography of a 69 year old male with a Macular Hole affecting his right eye. Patient presented at the clinic following visual distortion that had been ongoing for two weeks. Patients vision was Dcc20/200 PHNI. The Physician recommended Pars Plana Vitrectomy/ Membrane Peel Surgery.

Photographer: Annaka Gooding

Imaging device: Heidelberg Spectralis

Condition/keywords: macular hole, OCT